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微积分导数和极限计算公式
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方便工程师快速使用的微积分导数和极限计算公式参考。

 

极限数学帮助

极限的定义

极限是一种在参数接近值时评估表达式的方法。该值可以是数轴上的任何点,并且通常在参数接近无穷大或负无穷大时评估限制。以下表达式表明,当 x 接近值 c 时,函数接近值 L。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gY31cWyBmKHgpID0gTCBcXQ==

 

右手极限

以下表达式表明,当 x 接近值 c 且 x > c 时,函数接近值 L。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gY14rfVxbIGYoeCkgPSBMIFxd

 

左手极限

以下表达式表明当 x 接近值 c 且 x < c 时,函数接近值 L。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gY14tfVxbIGYoeCkgPSBMIFxd

 

无限极限

下面的表达式表明,当 x 接近无穷大时,值 c 是一个非常大的正数,函数接近值 L。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gXGluZnR5IH1cWyBmKHgpID0gTCBcXQ==

 

此外,当 x 接近负无穷大时,c 的值是一个非常大的负数,如下所示。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gLVxpbmZ0eSB9XFsgZih4KSA9IEwgXF0=

 

极限的性质

鉴于以下条件:

 

乳胶编码:BASE64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gY31cWyBmKHgpIFwsXHRleHR1cHthbmR9XCxcbGltX3t4XHRvIGN9XFsgZyh4KVwsXHRleHR1cHtib3RofVwsXHRleHR1cHtleGlzdH1cLFx0ZXh0dXB7YW5kfVwsY1wsXHRleHR1cHtpc31cLFx0ZXh0dXB7YW55fVwsXHRleHR1cHtyZWFsfVwsXHRleHR1cHtudW1iZXJ9

 

存在以下属性:

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gYX1cW1tjZih4KV0gPSBjXGxpbV97eFx0byBhfVxbZih4KQ==

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gYX1cW1tmKHgpXCxccG1cLGcoeCldID0gXGxpbV97eFx0byBhfSBmKHgpIFxwbVxsaW1fe3hcdG8gYX1cW2coeCk=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gYX1cW1tmKHgpXCxnKHgpXSA9IFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gYX1mKHgpXFtcbGltX3t4XHRvIGF9XFtnKHgp

 

乳胶编码:BASE64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gYX1cbGVmdCBbXGZyYWN7Zih4KX17XCxnKHgpfSBccmlnaHRdID1cZnJhY3tcbGltX3t4XHRvIGF9Zih4KX17XGxpbV97eFx0byBhfWcoeCl9IFwgXCBcdGV4dHJte2lmfSBcLCBcbGltX3t4XHRvIGF9Zyh4KSBcbmVxIDAK

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hcdG8gYX1cW1tmKHgpXV57bn09XGxlZnQgW1xsaW1fe3hcdG8gYX1mKHgpXHJpZ2h0XV57bn0=

 

在 +-Infinity 极限求值

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIFxpbmZ0eSB9XFxlXnt4fSA9IFxpbmZ0eSBcIFwgXHRleHR1cHthbmR9IFwgXGxpbV97eCBcdG8gLVxpbmZ0eSB9IGVee3h9PSBcLDA=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIFxpbmZ0eX1cbG4oeCkgPSBcaW5mdHkgIFwgXHRleHR1cHthbmR9IFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIDBeK30gXGxuKHgpPSAtXGluZnR5

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFx0ZXh0dXB7SWYgfXI+MCBcIFwgdGhlXHRleHR1cHt9IFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIFxpbmZ0eX0gXCBcZnJhY3tjfXt4XnJ9ID0gMA==

 

乳胶编码:BASE64,XGxhcmdlIFx0ZXh0dXB7SWZ9IFwgciA + IDAgXCBcdGV4dHVwe2FuZH0gXCB4XntyfSBcIFx0ZXh0dXB7aXMgcmVhbCBmb3J9IFwgeCA8MCBcIFx0ZXh0dXB7dGhlbn0gIFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIC1caW5mdHl9IFwgXGZyYWN7Y317eF57cn19ID0gMA ==

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIFxwbSAgXGluZnR5fSB4XntyfSA9ICBcaW5mdHkgXCAgXHRleHR1cHtmb3J9IFwgXHRleHR1cHtldmVufSBcIHI=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvICBcaW5mdHl9ICB4XntyfSA9IFxpbmZ0eSAgXCBcJiBcbGltX3t4IFx0byAtIFxpbmZ0eX0geF57cn0gPSAgLSBcaW5mdHkgXCAgXHRleHR1cHtmb3J9IFwgXHRlecHR1c=c

 

 

极限评估方法

连续函数

如果 f(x) 在 a 处连续,则:

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3hccmlnaHRhcnJvdyBhfSBmKHgpID0gZihhKQ==

 

连续函数和组合

如果 f(x) 在 b 处连续:

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIGF9Zyh4KSA9IGIgXCAsIFx0ZXh0dXB7dGhlbn0gXGxpbV97eCBcdG8gYX0gZlxsZWZ0ICggXGxpbV97eCBcdG8gYX0gZyh4KSBccmlnaHQgKSA9IGYoYik=

 

因素和取消

乳胶编码:BASE64,XGxhcmdlIFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIC0zfSAgXGZyYWN7eF4yLXgtMTJ9e3heMiszeH0gPSBcbGltX3t4IFx0byAtM30gXGZyYWN7KHgrMykoeC00KX17eCh4KzMpfSA9IFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIC0zfSAgXGZyYWN7KHgtNCl9e3h9ID0gXGZyYWN7LTd9ezN9

 

L'Hospital的规则

乳胶编码:BASE64,XGxhcmdlIFx0ZXh0dXB7SWZ9IFwgXGxpbV97eCBcdG8gYX0gXGZyYWN7Zih4KX17Zyh4KX0gPSBcZnJhY3swfXswfSBcIG9yIFwgXGZyYWN7XHBtIFxpbmZ0eX17XHBtIFxpbmZ0eX0gXCBcdGV4dHVwe3RoZW59IFxsaW1fe3ggXHRvIGF9IFxmcmFje2YoeCl9e2coeCl9ID0gXGxpbV97eCBcdG8gYX0gXGZyYWN7ZicoeCl9e2cnKHgpfQ ==


 

导数数学帮助

衍生物的定义

导数是定义表达式输出如何随着输入变化而变化的方法。使用极限,导数定义为:

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShjKSA9IGYnKHgpID0gXGxpbV97aCBcdG8gMH0gXGZyYWN7Zih4K2gpLWYoeCl9e2h9

 

中值定理

这是一种近似导数的方法。该函数必须在区间 (a,b) 和 a < c < b 上是可微的。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIGYnKGMpID0gXGZyYWN7ZihiKSAtIGYoYSl9e2ItYX0=

 

基本属性

如果 f(x) 和 g(x) 存在导数,并且 c 和 n 是实数,则以下为真:

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsZWZ0ICggY2YoeCkgXHJpZ2h0ICknID0gXGxlZnQgYyggZicoeCkgXHJpZ2h0ICk=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsZWZ0ICggZih4KSBccG0gZyh4KSBccmlnaHQgKScgPSBmJyh4KSBccG0gZycoeCk=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShjKSA9IDA=

产品规则

乘积规则适用于可微函数相乘。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxsZWZ0ICggZih4KWcoeCkgXHJpZ2h0ICknID0gZidnKHgpK2YoeClnJw==

 

商规则

当可微函数被划分时,商规则适用。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fVxsZWZ0ICggXGZyYWN7Zih4KX17Zyh4KX0gIFxyaWdodCAPID0gXGZyYWN7ZicoeClnKHgpLWYoeClnJyh4KX17W2coeCldXjJ9

 

权力法则

幂规则适用于将可微函数提升为幂的情况。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fSh4Xm4pID0gbnhee24tMX0=

 

链式法则

当一个可微函数应用于另一个可微函数时,链式法则适用。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fVxsZWZ0ICggZihnKHgpKSBccmlnaHQgKSA9IGYnXGxlZnQgKCBnKHgpIFxyaWdodCApZycoeCk=

 

常见衍生物

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fSh4KSA9MQ==

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe3Npbn0gXCB4KT1cdGV4dHVwe2Nvc30gXCB4

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe2Nvc30gXCB4KSA9IC1cdGV4dHVwe3Npbn0gXCB4

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe3Rhbn0gXCB4KSA9IFx0ZXh0dXB7c2VjfV4yIFwgeA==

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe3NlY30gXCB4KSA9IFx0ZXh0dXB7c2VjfSBcIHggXCBcdGV4dHVwe3Rhbn0gXCB4

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe2NzY30gXCB4KT0gLVx0ZXh0dXB7Y3NjfSBcIHggXCBcdGV4dHVwe2NvdH0gXCB4

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe2NvdH0gXCB4KSA9IC1cdGV4dHVwe2NzY31eMiBcIHg=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShzaW5eey0xfXgpID0gXGZyYWN7MX17XHNxcnR7MSAtIHggXnsyfX19

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe2Nvc31eey0xfXgpID0gLSBcZnJhY3sxfXtcc3FydHsxLXheMn19

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe1x0ZXh0dXB7fXRhbn1eey0xfXgpID0gXGZyYWN7MX17MSt4XjJ9

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShhXngpPWFeeFx0ZXh0dXB7bG59KGEp

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShlXngpID0gZV54

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fVxsZWZ0ICggXHRleHR1cHtsbn0oeCkgXHJpZ2h0ICkgPSBcZnJhY3sxfXt4fSBcICwgeCA+IDA=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fVxsZWZ0IChcdGV4dHVwe2xufVxsZWZ0IHwgeCBccmlnaHQgfCAgXHJpZ2h0ICkgPSBcZnJhY3sxfXt4fSBcICwgXCB4IFxuZXEgIDA=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fVxsZWZ0ICggbG9nX3thfSh4KSBccmlnaHQgKSA9ICBcZnJhY3sxfXt4IFwsIFx0ZXh0dXB7bG59KGEpfSBcICwgXCB4ID4w

 

 

链式规则示例

这些是需要链式规则的常见衍生产品的一些示例。

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShbZih4KV1ebikgPSBuW2YoeCldXntuLTF9ZicoeCk=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShlXntmKHgpfSkgPSBmJyh4KWVee2YoeCl9

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe2xufVtmKHgpXSkgPSBcZnJhY3tmJyh4KX17Zih4KX0=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe3Npbn1bZih4KV0pID0gZicoeClcdGV4dHVwe2Nvc31bZih4KV0=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe2Nvc31bZih4KV0pID0gLWYnKHgpXHRleHR1cHtzaW59W2YoeCld

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe3Rhbn1bZih4KV0pID0gZicoeClcdGV4dHVwe3NlY31eMltmKHgpXQ==

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe3NlY31bZih4KV0pID0gZicoeClcdGV4dHVwe3NlY31bZih4KV1cdGV4dHVwe3Rhbn1bZih4KV0=

 

乳胶!编码:base64,XGxhcmdlIFxmcmFje2R9e2R4fShcdGV4dHVwe3Rhbn1eey0xfVtmKHgpXSkgPSBcZnJhY3tmJyh4KX17MStbZih4KV1eMn0=

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