突发！美国再次出手！对中国140家芯片公司重大打击！

原创集成电路IC 2024-12-02 14:14

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据路透社最新报道指出，美国计划于本周一对中国半导体行业发起三年来的第三次重大打击，通过限制对包括北方华创科技集团在内的140家公司的出口，进一步压缩中国在高端芯片制造领域的空间。据两位不愿透露姓名的知情人士透露，此次行动不仅针对特定的中国芯片设备制造商，还将伴随一系列其他严厉措施，旨在全面遏制中国芯片产业的崛起。

此次打击的范围广泛，不仅涵盖了像北方华创这样的芯片设备制造商，还特别提到了对中国芯片工具制造商拓荆（Piotech）和新凯莱科技（SiCarrier Technology）的限制。同时，美国还将对先进的存储芯片以及更多芯片制造工具实施出口管制，意图从多个维度削弱中国的芯片制造能力。

这一举动被视为拜登政府为阻止中国获取和生产可能推进人工智能或威胁美国国家安全的芯片而采取的最后一次大规模行动之一。随着共和党前总统唐纳德·特朗普即将回归政治舞台，预计他将保留并可能加强拜登政府在对华政策上的强硬立场，这使得中美之间在科技领域的竞争和对抗可能进一步升级。

具体而言，美国的出口限制措施将包括对高带宽存储器（HBM）芯片的严格管控。HBM芯片对于人工智能训练等高端应用至关重要，是当前芯片技术中的热点。此外，美国还将对另外24种芯片制造工具和3种软件工具实施新的限制，进一步压缩中国在这些关键领域的获取渠道。更为严厉的是，美国还将对新加坡和马来西亚等国家生产的芯片制造设备实施新的出口限制，试图通过切断中国的外部供应链来遏制其发展。

这些措施不仅对美国本土的芯片企业产生影响，还可能波及到包括Lam Research、KLA、应用材料公司以及荷兰的ASM International等非美国公司。由于全球半导体产业链的紧密相连，美国的出口限制往往会对整个行业造成连锁反应，影响全球芯片市场的供应和价格。

据悉，面临新限制的中国公司涵盖了近二十家半导体公司、两家投资公司和一百多家芯片制造工具制造商。其中，一些公司如Swaysure、青岛芯恩和深圳Pensun科技有限公司因与华为技术有限公司有合作关系而备受关注。华为作为中国电信设备的领导者，此前已受到美国制裁的严重打击，但其在先进芯片生产和开发方面的努力仍然是中国半导体行业的重要一环。

这些被限制的公司将被添加到美国的“实体名单”中，意味着它们将无法在未获得特别许可的情况下从美国供应商处获得关键技术和产品。这对于依赖进口高端芯片和制造设备的中国公司来说，是一个沉重的打击。

近年来，面对美国和其他国家的技术封锁，中国加大了在半导体领域实现自给自足的力度。然而，与Nvidia和设备供应商ASML等芯片行业领导者相比，中国仍然存在着明显的差距。尽管中国已经取得了一些进展，但在高端芯片制造方面仍然依赖进口。

值得注意的是，美国还准备对中芯国际实施更多的限制。中芯国际是中国最大的芯片代工制造商，自2020年被列入“实体名单”以来，其业务发展受到了严重影响。尽管美国曾允许向其授予价值数十亿美元的供货许可证，但此次新的限制措施可能会进一步压缩其生存空间。

此外，美国还将首次将两家投资芯片行业的公司——中国私募股权公司智路资本和科技公司闻泰科技——列入实体名单。这一举动不仅针对具体的芯片制造商，还开始延伸到投资领域，意图从源头上切断中国芯片产业的资金来源。

对于寻求向“实体名单”上的公司发货的许可申请，美国通常会予以拒绝。这意味着这些公司将被彻底排除在美国的技术和市场之外，对于它们的生存和发展来说，是一个巨大的挑战。

在新的一揽子计划中，美国还通过扩大外国直接产品规则（FDPR）来加强对中国芯片产业的控制。该规则将限制美国、日本和荷兰制造商向中国某些芯片工厂出口在世界其他地区生产的芯片制造设备。虽然马来西亚、新加坡、以色列、台湾和韩国生产的设备均受该规则约束，但荷兰和日本却获得了豁免。这做法引发了美国一些盟友的不满和担忧。

然而，经过与日本和荷兰的长期讨论和协商，美国最终得以发布这一新规则。日本和荷兰作为先进芯片制造设备的主要生产国之一，与美国一起主导着全球芯片产业的格局。尽管它们在某些方面获得了豁免，但整体而言，美国的出口限制措施仍然对全球半导体产业链产生了深远的影响。

此次打击是中国半导体行业近年来遭遇的又一次重大挑战。面对美国的持续打压和封锁，中国需要更加坚定地走自主创新的道路，加大在半导体领域的研发投入和人才培养力度。同时，中国也需要加强与全球其他国家和地区的合作与交流，共同推动全球半导体产业的健康发展。只有这样，中国才能在激烈的国际竞争中立于不败之地，实现半导体产业的崛起和飞跃。

原文：Exclusive: Latest US strike on China's chips hits semiconductor toolmakers

The U.S. will launch its third crackdown in three years on China's semiconductor industry on Monday, restricting exports to 140 companies including chip equipment maker Naura Technology Group , opens new tab, among other moves, according to two people familiar with the matter.

The effort to hobble Beijing's chipmaking ambitions will also hit Chinese chip toolmakers Piotech and SiCarrier Technology with new export restrictions as part of the package, which also takes aim at shipments of advanced memory chips and more chipmaking tools to China.

The move marks one of the Biden Administration's last large scale effort to stymy China's ability to access and produce chips that can help advance artificial intelligence for military applications or otherwise threaten U.S. national security.

It comes just weeks before the swearing in of Republican former president Donald Trump, who is expected to keep in place many of Biden's tough-on-China measures.

The package includes curbs on China-bound shipments of high bandwidth memory (HBM) chips, which are critical for high-end applications like AI training; new curbs on 24 additional chipmaking tools and three software tools; and new export restrictions on chipmaking equipment manufactured in countries including Singapore and Malaysia.

The tool controls will likely hurt Lam Research, KLA , opens new tab and Applied Materials， as well as non-U.S. companies like Dutch equipment maker ASM International

Among Chinese companies facing new restrictions are nearly two dozen semiconductor companies, two investment companies and over 100 chipmaking tool makers, the sources said.

U.S. lawmakers say some of the companies, including Swaysure Technology Co, Qingdao SiEn, and Shenzhen Pensun Technology Co, work with China's Huawei Technologies, the telecommunications equipment leader once hobbled by U.S. sanctions and now at the center of China's advanced chip production and development.

They will be added to the entity list, which bars U.S. suppliers from shipping to them without first receiving a special license.

China has stepped up its drive to become self-sufficient in the semiconductor sector in recent years, as the U.S. and other countries have restricted exports of the advanced chips and the tools to make them. However, it remains years behind chip industry leaders like Nvidia (NVDA.O), opens new tab in AI chips and chip equipment maker ASML (ASML.AS), opens new tab in the Netherlands.

The U.S. also is poised to place additional restrictions on Semiconductor Manufacturing International (0981.HK), opens new tab, China's largest contract chip manufacturer, which was placed on the Entity List in 2020 but with a policy that allowed billions of dollars worth of licenses to ship goods to it to be granted.

For the first time, the U.S. will add two companies that make investments in chips to the entity list. Chinese private equity firm Wise Road Capital and tech firm Wingtech Technology will be added.

Companies seeking licenses to ship to firms on the Entity List generally get denied.

DUTCH AND JAPANESE EXEMPTED

An aspect of the new package that addresses the foreign direct product rule could hurt some U.S. allies by limiting what their companies can ship to China. The new rule will expand U.S. powers to curb exports of chipmaking equipment by U.S., Japanese, and Dutch manufacturers made in other parts of the world to certain chip plants in China.

Equipment made in Malaysia, Singapore, Israel, Taiwan and South Korea is subject to the rule while the Netherlands and Japan will be exempt.

The expanded foreign direct product rule will apply to 16 companies on the entity list that are seen as the most important to China's most advanced chipmaking ambitions.

The rule will also lower to zero the amount of U.S. content that determines when certain foreign items are subject to U.S. control. That will allow the U.S. to regulate any item shipped to China from overseas if it contains any U.S. chips.

The new rules are being released after lengthy discussions with Japan and the Netherlands, which, along with the U.S., dominate the production of advanced chipmaking equipment.

The U.S. plans to exempt countries that put in place similar controls, the people said.

Another rule in the package restricts memory used in AI chips that correspond with what is known as "HBM 2" and higher, technology made by South Korea's Samsung and SK Hynix and U.S.-based Micron. Industry sources only expect Samsung Electronics , opens new tab to be impacted.

The latest rules are the third major package of chip-related export restrictions on China implemented under the Biden administration. In October 2022, the U.S. published a sweeping set of controls to curb the sale and manufacture of certain high-end chips which were considered to be the biggest shift in U.S. tech policy toward China since the 1990s.

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