世界杯误判不断，电子技术娱乐应用呼之欲出

引言：这天，《电子工程专辑》编辑部里热闹非凡，对于世界杯上的冤假错案，大家纷纷发表自己的见解，以及奇思妙想……

在上周星期天，英国遭受了参加世界杯足球淘汰赛有史以来最严重的挫败，被德国以4-1击败。这使得英国民众愤怒甚至伤心欲绝的情绪加剧。

然而，在祝贺德国队取得胜利之后，有必要指出的是英格兰队并不是唯一一支未能在南非世界杯栽誉而归的球队。做为足球和世界杯球赛的主办单位的国际足联(FIFA)也被一些事情整得心烦意乱。

国际足联拒绝使用电子技术帮助裁判员，从而导致了德国-英格兰队的比分没能真实地反应比赛情况的可笑局面。英格兰队的第二个进球本应该得分但却被判无效。几乎整个足球场上的观众和电视机前成千万上亿的观众清楚地看到，在门将把球抱出使其没能得分和折回到比赛区之前，Frank Lampard(弗兰克·兰帕德)的进球击中了横梁并向下弹进到门线后几英尺了。

英格兰队在近来大部分比赛中的成绩都不理想，所以国际足联官员即使裁决这个进球得分，也未必就会使得比赛结果(哪支球队将胜出)发生变化。但是，它会使得英格兰队将比分扳成2：2，所以接下来的事情我们没办法猜想。并且人们不会掏钱前往世界某地，去观看一场连合理的得分都因为裁判人手不足而被抹杀掉的比赛。因为这样一来，不仅英格兰队是输家，就连观众、裁判和足球本身都是输家。

人们称之精彩比赛，而在1966年的世界杯上亦发生过相同事件，在英格兰队对德国队的比赛中，发生了另一起“球是否过门线”的事件。而在那一次，裁判的判断于英格兰队更有利。在一场势力相当的比赛中，这对德国队的心理打击是相当的大，尽管德国队试图赢得比赛，英格兰队得已在最后关口赶上德国队，并最终以4-2赢得了这场比赛以及世界杯奖杯。

在1966的世界杯，在官员和边线之间没有无线通讯，只有效果不佳的电视覆盖率并且没有实时回放，因此让裁判和巡边员(边裁)尽最大努力自行作出的决定是可以理解和恰当的。

网球中的Hawk-Eye(鹰眼)系统

但在44年之后，在一个有诸多电子辅助的时代，从射频三角定位到GPS(全球定位系统)芯片、陀螺仪和嵌入在球体表面的加速计，让裁判受到嘲弄是绝对错误的。如果发生这样不公平的事件“，并且是发生在两个势均力敌的球队进行的决赛时，足球和受害的球队将会是输家。

有一种说法，因为足球有数百万的业余爱好者，在世界杯采用视频证据或其它技术支持，而不能在所有国际或专业足球比赛都采用视频证据或其它技术支持，这会有一点不公平。这洗白不了什么。

职业板球和网球都已经采用了“鹰眼”技术——利用多个摄像机来追踪球，并通过三维空间建立其运行轨迹的纪录。在网球比赛中，鹰眼技术已经被用到专业比赛，在在领先比赛，用于决定某个球是进了还是没进。从时间的角度考虑，大部分是线裁裁决，但每盘运动员们有三次申请使用有鹰眼的权利。

橄榄球联盟在国际比赛期间现已经要求有录像证据。足球比赛必须采纳这项已有的技术。

Hawk-Eye(鹰眼)系统由马诺尔研究公司(Roke Manor Research Ltd，英格兰，罗姆西)的工程师们于2001年开发，这家公司属于西门子研发网络。该项技术后来被拆分另组成一家独立的公司——鹰眼创新有限公司(英国，温切斯特)。这项技术通常可用于足球比赛以支持球过线的判定或其它基于摄像机，或甚至是基于激光的画面回放支持，特别是判定球在门口这类事件。

同时，这周我已经没兴趣看足球了，我会去看温网，为网球冠军赛中剩下的两名英国选手欢呼。Andy Murray和鹰眼。只可惜鹰眼是由西门子的子公司所开发的，因此在某种程度上讲，德国又赢了。

补充：本刊编辑球迷的头脑风暴

1. Echo Zhao：采用射频技术(RFID)。在足球上装一个RFID，像NIKE鞋一样鞋底加个RFID芯片。只要球越过球门，球门就变成彩色大门，不管裁判啥眼神，全场观众都能明白了。PS：小心射频黑客干扰。或小心RFID芯片被踢掉，届时真进门了不亮，照样有人要叫屈。

2. Mike Zhang：采用公路的闯红灯照亮的技术。一旦球越过球门，立即拉响警报，全场大喇叭一起叫，看还有裁判敢装瞎！ps:由于精度的问题，可能会有误判。这需要很牛的程序员写出更好的程序。

3. Echo Zhao：采用智能视频分析，检测闯入球门的是人还是球。或者老土一点，专设一裁判专门看电视重放来决定结果。

4. Derek Deng：在球员身上装感受痛苦的生物传感器，如果人家假摔，疼痛传感器的指数低(表示不痛)，就肯定是假摔。PS:万一这人的抗痛能力较强，被人踢倒了都不觉得痛，还是被吹假摔可就冤了。

5. Aileen Zhu：1956年，当时那个球就进去了0.01公分，如果世界上有那么精确的GPS装到足球上，肯定就不会有这个历史冤案了。英格兰也就不需要在44年后为其还债了。

……

6. Ana Hu(弱弱的)：其实……人为的不可确定因素或许才是运动竞赛中不完美的完美吸引(嗖嗖……)

注解：象声词，例如砖头飞行的声音

您还有什么点子吗？您有办法对付越位吗？发个评论吧。也许您一个点子就被国际足联采用就能发达了啊。

第二页：参考原文(Comment: Soccer crosses the line, must now adopt tech, by Peter Clarke)

《电子工程专辑》网站版权所有，谢绝转载

整理：Ana Hu

{pagination}

Comment: Soccer crosses the line, must now adopt tech

by Peter Clarke

On Sunday England fell to its worst-ever defeat in a World Cup finals soccer tournament, beaten 4-1 by Germany. This has given rise to widespread gnashing of teeth and rending of garments in England.

However, after congratulating Germany on a well-executed victory, it is worth pointing out that England is not the only team that has failed to cover itself in glory at the South African World Cup. FIFA, the global organizers of soccer and of the World Cup tournament, has also got something to be distraught about.

It's refusal to allow electronic technology to be used to help referees has LED to the laughable situation that the score line in the Germany-England game does not reflect what happened. England had a second legitimate goal disallowed. It was obvious to almost the entire football stadium and a television audience of tens, if not 100s of millions that Frank Lampard's shot, having hit the crossbar, bounced down a couple of feet behind the line, before spin on the ball brought it out of the goal and back into the playing area.

England were outplayed throughout most of the game so it is unlikely that if the officials had called that goal correctly it would have made any difference to which team would win the game. But it would have allowed England to level the score at two goals each," so you never know. And people did not pay their money to travel around the world to see a contest in which legitimate goals were scrubbed due to the inadequacies of human referees. So besides English pride, the audience, the referees and soccer itself were the losers.

People call it the beautiful game and there is a symmetry about the fact that in 1966 there was another "did-the-ball cross-the-line" incident in a soccer match between England and Germany. On that occasion the decision went in England's favor. In an evenly-fought contest the psychological blow to Germany was considerable and, as Germany chased the game, England was able to catch them on the break and win the match 4-2 and with it the Jules Rimet trophy.

In 1966 there was no wireless communications between officials and the sidelines, only grainy television coverage and no instant replays, so it was understandable and appropriate that that referee and linesmen should be left to make decisions on their own, as best they could.

Come on Andy

But 44 years later, in an age when there are multiple electronic aids, from RF triangulation to the inclusion of GPS chips, gyroscopes and accelerometers embedded in the surface of the ball, it is surely wrong to leave referees exposed to ridicule. If such an injustice happened" and it may yet" to one of two more-evenly matched teams in the final, soccer as well as the aggrieved team would be the losers.

There is an argument that because soccer is played by millions of amateurs it is somehow unfair to add video evidence or a technology support that is not available to all to international or professional soccer. It doesn't wash.

Professional cricket and tennis have added the "Hawk-Eye" technology that uses multiple cameras to track the ball and build up a record of its path through three-dimensional space. In tennis it has now been built into the professional game at leading tournaments for use determining whether a shot was in or out. In the interests of time most calls are made by human line judges but the players can make up to three unsuccessful challenges per set.

Video evidence is now called for routinely in the game of Rugby Union during international matches. Soccer must now adopt the available technology.

The Hawk-Eye system was developed by engineers at Roke Manor Research Ltd. (Romsey, England), part of Siemens' R&D network, in 2001. The technology was later spun off into a separate company Hawk-Eye Innovations Ltd. (Winchester, England). Such a technology could be used in soccer generally to support out-of-play calls or something camera-based, or even laser-based could be set up specifically to adjudicate on goal-mouth incidents.

Meanwhile, this week having lost some of my appetite for soccer, I will be watching Wimbledon, and cheering for the two remaining Brits in that tennis championship" Andy Murray and Hawk-Eye. Except that Hawk-Eye was developed at a part of Siemens so, in a sense, Germany wins again.